ABSTRACT
Patchouli Alcohol (PA) is the main bioactive constituent of Pogostemon cablin Pharmacological researches have reported various benefits of PA, including anti-infammatory, anti-gastric ulcer, anticancer, protecting against alung and brain injury, antibacterial, prevention of mastitis, colitis and arteriosclerosis, anti-photoaging, treatment of diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome, antioxidant stress, vasodilation and anti-injury.The preliminary study on the mechanism showed that anti-inflammatory effect was related to the down-regulation of mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the reduction of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation.The anti-gastric ulcer, protection of lung injury and brain injury and anti-photoaging were related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.The mechanism of anti-human leukemic cell line MV4-11 migh be associated with the changes of NF-κB, phosphorylated M2 pyruvate kinase (p-PKM2) and cysteine aspartate protease-3 (Caspase-3) protein expressions.The proposed mechanisms of anti-human colorectal cancer cells included the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2 expression and HDAC enzyme activity, and subsequent downregulation of c-myc and activation of NF-κB pathway.Apoptosis of A549 cells was induced by blocking the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Anti-prostate cancer was related to the activation of mitochondrial cytochrome C apoptosis pathway, and its antiviral effect may be related to the regulation of RIG-1-like helicases (RLH) signal pathway or the direct binding of virus protein or nucleic acid and the binding site of virus to cells to block the adsorption of virus to cells.The mechanism of its antibacterial, prevention of mastitis, colitis and arteriosclerosis was closely related to anti-inflammation.The pharmacological effects of PA need to be further studied.In order to accelerate the exploration and discovery other molecular mechanism of PA, and expand its application prospects.This review comprehensively summarizes the metabolism, biological activities, and possible mechanism of PA, in order to provide references for the development and application of PA.
ABSTRACT
Plants of the genus Ceriops (Rhizophoraceae) consist of five species, which were widely distributed in tropical Asia, Eastern Africa and Oceania. So far,phytochemical studies showed that a total of 131 compounds including 120 terpenoids had been isolated from this genus, which exhibited anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, antitumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antifouling and antiviral activities. This article summarized the recent research progress of the chemical compositions and their pharmacological activities from the genus,which could provide reference for the development and utilization of the Ceriops plants.